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Here we present our complete selection of Anatomy books:. Arthrology Presentation author Anatomy. Little fingers of bone interdigi- Ethmoid B. Temporal B. Frontal tate with adjoining little fingers to make the joining solid.

Maxilla Occipital B. There are two bones that you cannot see in the illustration, Mastoid Process the palatine and the vomer. The palatine bones are paired and are buried deep in the skull behind the nose. They make Ramus up the rear part of the palate, part of the base of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the floor or the orbit.

The vomer is Coronoid Process a thin bone which forms part of the nasal septum separating the two sides of the nasal cavity. The lacrimal bone forms half of the receptacle, which holds the lacrimal sac, a structure that receives the tears and directs them into the nasal cavity. That explains why we blow our noses in cold weather, or when we cry, we are blowing out the tears that have drained into the cavity.

The other half of the receptacle for the lacrimal sac is made from the frontal process of the maxilla. Zygomatic or zygoma comes from the Greek zygon, which means yoke, the kind used to harness oxen. Maxilla is from the Latin mala meaning jaw, particularly the upper jaw. Mandible derives from the Latin mandibula, which stems from mandare mean- ing to chew and pertains particularly to the lower jaw, which has most of the chewing motion.

Vomer is the Latin word for plowshare. Here you can clearly see the temporal region and the ramus of the mandible. The frontal process of the maxilla should not be confused with the frontal bone. A process, which is a Frontal Process Sphenoid B.

Nasal B. Zygomatic B. Both part of the epicranius, these muscles create expressions of surprise and fright by tightening the entire scalp. The epi- cranius is a broad sheet of muscle and aponeurotic tissue covering the top, the front, and the back of the head. Aponeurotic tissue, or an aponeurosis, is a broad, glistening white tendinous tissue. On the head it is known as the galea aponeurotica. In front anteriorly it becomes the frontalis muscle. The galea aponeurotica travels over the top of the skull.

The Occipital M. Galea derives from the Latin word for helmet. Aponeurosis is from the Greek apo-, meaning from and neuro, meaning nerve. It took until later centuries for the function of the nerves to be under- stood.

Both have fibers that orig- Procerus M inate with the frontalis muscle and insert just above the root of the nose. Corrugator M. Supercilii is from the Latin, meaning hairs above the eye- lashes or the eyebrows. Super- or supra- are frequently used prefixes meaning above something. Cilia in Latin refers to the lashes of the lid.

This muscle lifts the upper lid in the second part of the blinking action and maintains the correct level of the upper Orbital lid when the eye is open. The levator, as this muscle is com- Septum monly called, arises from the small wing of the sphenoid bone, at the apex of its orbit. It then courses forward, broad- ening out over the eye and its muscles. At this point the muscle fibers become an aponeurosis which bends over the front of the eye as it blends with the orbital septum.

It ends as many tiny fiber-like attachments to the inner surface of the skin of the lids forming the lid crease. The septum sepa- rates the contents of the orbit from the exterior lid structures and helps to hold the contents of the orbit in place. The lev- ator passes through the barrier created by the septum with- out compromising its function. The palpebral levator superi- oris opens the lids. See p. Fibers of the orbicularis lie right over the entrance to the lacrimal sac, and when the eye blinks they aid in pressing the tears down into the lacrimal sac.

The muscle has fibers that form two semicircles, one above and one below the eye. These fibers arise on the nasal part of the frontal bone, on the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal goove, and on the borders of the medial canthal tendon.

There are three of them: anterior, superior, and posteri- or. The anterior muscle is in front, the superior muscle above and the posterior muscle behind the ear. These are very superficial muscles whose attachments are not to bone but to underlying fascia.

One part arises from the tendinous end of the procerus muscle at the bridge of the nose, on each side of the nose, and the other part goes from the tip and over the outside of the nostrils. Procerus M. It arises from the maxilla, just under the nose, and inserts into the septum of the nose. Depressor Septi M. Nasalis M. It has some similarities with the orbicularis oculi mus- cle, discussed above, in that its fibers encircle the mouth just as the fibers of the oculi muscle encircle the eye, and both are sphincter muscles.

However, the oris is more com- plicated because it is comprised of fibers that feed into it from radiating muscles.

Most of these fibers go around the mouth, but unlike the fibers of the oculi muscle, they are in four sections with some of the fibers attaching to the under- side of the skin. Another is Anguli Oris M. The two oth- ers are at the corners of the mouth.

Buccinator M. It is also the muscle used for horn blowing. It inserts into the orbicularis oris and the modiolus, beneath the risorius muscle. It lefts the upper lip exposing the teeth when smil- ing.

It orginates on the maxilla just below the infraorbital foramrn and inserts into the modiolus. The modiolus is a tendinous tissue found at the corners of the mouth to which many of the muscles of expression attach. Levator Labii Superioris M.

It inserts on the orbicularis oris just next to and above the zygomaticus major and arises from the malar sur- Orbicularis Zygomaticus Major M. Oris M. Risorius M. Anguli Oris The levator labii superioris muscle lies nasal to the zygo- Depressor Labii maticus minor muscle.

It is the upper lip lifter, as its name Inferioris M. It inserts on the orbicularis, between the levator anguli oris and the levator labii superioris alaeque nase. The The deppressor labii inferioris muscle is the main depressor or name of the levator anguli oris muscle tells what it does. It drawing down muscle of the lower lip.

This muscle inserts on the orbicularis oris and rises from at the modiolus, as do the zygomaticus major and the risori- the mental region of the lower mandible.

It is includ- you to sneer. It inserts into the underside of the drawing the lower lip downward. It inserts at the modiolus, skin over the modiolus, with some fibers inserting into the mingling its fibers with the risiorious and the orbicularis oris, orbicularis oris in the area of the modiolus. It arises in the fas- and arises out of the fibers of the platysma muscle. The cia of the cheek. This muscle arises along the entire rim of the tem- poral fossa of the skull. The fibers of the muscle cover the temporal region and converge into a tendon which inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible.

It is a very thick muscle, noticeable when someone clenches his teeth. It is the primary chewing muscle for clos- ing the jaws. Its outer portion originates along the zygomatic arch and inserts on the surface of the ramus of the mandible. Its inner portion also originates from the zygomatic arch but further to the rear, posteriorly, and it inserts on the upper surface of the ramus of the mandible.

Masseter M. My illustration cuts away part of the ramus so that the muscles can be seen. There are of two of them, the lateral pterygoid muscle and the medial pterygoid muscle. Each of these muscles Lower Head has two heads. The lateral pterygoid muscle is the more supe- rior, or higher of the two muscles.

The superficial head of the medial Deep Head muscle, the one closest to the surface, arises from the ptery- goid plate, and the deep head arises from the palatine bone. It refers to the pterygoid plate, a part of the sphenoid bone of the skull. Hyoid B. It is the one bone in the body that is not articulated with another bone, rather it is held in place by Clavicle T-1 the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles—those involved with Manubrium swallowing.

Oid at the end of a word means like, as in resemble. It arises in the rear of the mastoid process, a boney process just below and behind the ear, slopes down and forward though its ring on the hyoid bone and then Mastoid Process swings forward to insert on the inside of the chin on the mandible. Styloid M. It arises near the molars of the lower jaw and attaches all the way around the inner rim of the mandible.

Its fibers converge downward to insert on the body of the hyoid bone. Mylohyoid M Hyoid B. Goniohyoid M. The infrahy- oid muscles are those below the hyoid bone. Thyroid Cartilage Sternothyroid M. It arises from the upper border of the scapula, Sternohyoid M.

Omohyoid M. The transverse processes of the vertebrae can be Cervicle Vertebrae clearly seen. The scapula, a bit of the clavicle, and the top of the humerus can also be seen.

It also assists breathing by lifting the sternum when you inhale. It arises in two places—on the top of the manibrium of the sternum and on the clavicle. It joins together about one third of the way up its diagonally upward course to its point of insertion on the mastoid process. Atlas Here you see two small muscles which form the deepest layer of the neck muscles: the rectus capitis lateralis muscle, Rectus Capitis and the rectus capitis anterior muscle.

The former, a small, Anterior M. It arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas the first cervical vertebra and inserts on the occipital bone of the skull. The latter muscle allows the head to bend forward. It arises from the transverse process and the adja- cent body of the atlas and inserts just in front of the mag- num foremen of the skull, the opening through which the spinal column passes to join the brain stem.

The rectus capitis posterior minor muscle is a head extender: Obliquus Capitis Superior M. It helps lift the head up. It arises from the spinous process of the axis and courses upward to insert on the inferior nuchal line just next to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.

It arises from the transverse process of the atlas and inserts onto the occipital bone just over the rectus capitis posterior major muscle along the inferior nuchal line. It arises from the spinous process of the axis and rises obliquely to insert on the transverse process of the atlas in the same area where the superior muscle arises.

It also assists in some rotation of the neck and flexion of the upper spinal column. This muscle, too, is in three parts. The posterior part arises on the transverse Anterior processes of the top two or three cervical vertebrae and courses downward to insert on the top middle edge of the second rib.

The medial part, the largest of the three sections, Medial arises on the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae except the atlas and descends to attach on the top surface of SCALENUS M.

Whereas the longus colli and the longus capitis muscles course upward, the scalenus muscle courses downward. Muscles always shorten in the direction of their origin. In geometry the word refers to a tri- angle with unequal sides. It is in three parts: upper superior and lower Longus Capitis M. Superior Oblique oblique muscle and, joining these, a vertical muscle. The lower oblique arises from the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the bodies of the top three cervical vertebrae.

Inferior Oblique The vertical part arises from the bodies of the first three tho- racic vertebrae and inserts on the bodies of the top three cervical vertebrae. Laxness of this muscle is often a major factor in causing the sag under the chin in older peo- ple this is not just aging skin, or from accumulating fat.

Platysma M. This muscle forms the outermost layer of the neck muscles. The muscle fibers arise from the fascia at the top part of the torso covering the pectoral muscles and the deltoids and course over the clavicle and up each side of the neck. They meet with intertwining fibers just under the chin and then continue, passing over the edge of the mandible, to join the fibers of the lower facial muscles.

It is a broad, thin muscle. The are involved with the movement of the arm, specifically the humerus, the upper arm bone, has a round head that fits into humerus, which articulates with the glenoid cavity of the a socket called the glenoid cavity of the scapula, which lies scapula. You see the clavicle in the front. The rotator cuff muscles maintain the position of the head of The medial end of the clavicle attaches to the manubrium, the humerus in the glenoid cavity shoulder joint even as the the top section of the sternum.

The scapula, the clavicle, and upper arm is moving. They are: the subscapularis, the the manubrium together form what is called the shoulder supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, and the teres minor muscles. Numerous muscles pass above, around, through and beside these bones. If you look at the movement of the shoulder area from a broader view, you would have to involve muscles that cover the chest and back as well. I shall discuss the pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscles, which fan out over the chest and lower back, in the section on the arm, since they directly affect arm movement.

Similarly with the actions of these two muscles, it is hard to tell when one takes over from the other, when one stops and the other starts. The muscles of the shoulder girdle are involved with the movement of the scapula. The features you Greater Tubercle should note on the scapula are the coracoid process, the acromion and the glenoid cavity. The head of the humerus Lesser Tubercle Ribs fits into the glenoid cavity. Behind the head are the greater and lesser tubercles.

The feature to Fossa be noted on the scapula is the spine with the supraspinatus Spine fossa above the spine and the infraspinatus fossa below it. Infraspinatus Huumerus Fossa On the humerus, note the deltoid tuberosity. Humerus is Latin Tuberosity for the shoulder or the upper part of the arm. Clavicle comes from the Latin claivcula meaning a key or lock.

It arises as small tendons from the transverse processes of the atlas and Levator axis as well as from the next two vertebrae. It inserts on the Scapulae M. This muscle is located just below the levator scapulae and the rhomboideus minor muscle. Along with the levator scapulae, it assists in moving the scapula inward or medially, toward the spine, and upward.

In the process it assists in Rhomboideus Major M. It arises from the spinous processes of the second through the fifth vertebrae —and inserts on the medial border the one closest to the spine , of the scapula all the way to its tip. It arises from the spinous processes of the lowest cervical and the uppermost thoracic vertebrae. It inserts at the base of the spine of the scapula on its medial border, just above the rhomboideus major muscle.

One of the rotator cuff muscles, it arises on the surface of the scapula somewhat below the Teres Major M. Another of the rotator cuff muscles it arises from the top of the scapula, the area above the spine. Its fibers merge into a tendon that crosses the joint to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus.

This tubercle is just behind the head of the humerus. Infraspinatus M. Another of the rota- tor cuff muscles, it arises just under the spine of the scapula, passes over the outside edge of the scapula, and inserts on the greater tubercle right next to, and almost fusing with, the supraspinatus muscle.

It is one of the four mus- cles whose tendinous endings encircle the end of the humerus head to protect the joint, making up part of the rotator cuff. It arises from a major portion of the undersur- face of the scapula and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The tubercle is found at the top of the humerus just behind the head of the humerus.

Subscapularis M. If someone punches you in the shoulder, it helps absorb the blow keeping that inner joint from being damaged. It arises from two Deltoid M. The fibers cover the shoulder joint to merge as a small tendon which inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity, a small projection on the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus, about midway down.

It helps in rotating the scapula as well as in drawing it toward the spine. The lower part of the muscle assists in Trapezius M.

It arises from the back of the skull along a part of the superior nuchal line on the occipital bone, from the spin- ous process of the 7th cervical vertebra, and from the spin- ous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae. It drapes over the shoulder to insert on the clavicle and along the superior bor- der of the spine of the scapula. You will encounter the origin of this word again in the bones of the wrist.

Working together with the muscles of the upper arm are the muscles that spread across the chest and lower back. Below them are the carpal bones, which form the wrist; the metacarpal bones, which form the Radius body of the hand; and the phalanges, which are the fingers. The differences are of interest also. At the knee, the leg can bend in only one direction. The lower leg is always in line with the upper leg. This is not so with the arm. Not Styloid Process Styloid Process of the Ulna only can the arm bend like the leg; the lower arm can also of the turn back and forth supination and pronation , with the Radius Carpals ulna staying in place and the radius pivoting around.

At the top you see a rounded portion which fits Humerus Sternum into the socket called the glenoid cavity of the scapula. There Glenoid Cavity is a small neck and then two protrusions divided by an indentation.

The two protrusions are the greater tubercle on Deltoid Tuberosity the lateral side and the lesser tubercle on the medial side, with each sitting on either side of the intertubercular sulcus.

In the middle of the lateral side of the shaft is a slight protru- sion called the deltoid tuberosity. As the shaft reaches the Xiphoid Process bottom it broadens to form the medial condyle on the inside with the medial epicondyle beyond it, and the lateral Rib Cage condyle with its lateral epicondyle beyond it on the outside.

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